Transcriber's Note:

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

PLATE I.

THE GREAT WHEEL IN ACTION.

DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

OF THE

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Who saw what ferns and palms were pressed
Under the tumbling mountain’s breast,
In the safe herbal of the coal?
But when the quarried means were piled,
All is waste and worthless, till
Arrives the wise selecting Will,
And, out of slime and chaos, Wit
Draws the threads of fair and fit.
Then temples rose, and towns, and marts,
The shop of toil, the hall of arts;
Then flew the sail across the seas
To feed the North from tropic trees;
The storm-wind wove, the torrent span,
Where they were bid the rivers ran;
New slaves fulfilled the poet’s dream,
Galvanic wire, strong-shouldered steam.

Emerson.

DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY

ROBERT ROUTLEDGE, B.Sc.,

SOMETIME ASSISTANT EXAMINER IN CHEMISTRY AND IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

THIRTEENTH EDITION

Revised and Partly Re-written, with Additions

CONTAINING FOUR HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited

BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL

1900

PREFACE.

In the following pages an attempt has been made to present apopular account of remarkable discoveries and inventions whichdistinguish the XIXth century. They distinguish it not merely in comparisonwith any previous century, but in comparison with all the centuriesthat have preceded, in regard to far-reaching intellectual acquisitions,and to material achievements, which together have profoundly affectedour ways of thinking and our habits of life. In the latter, the enormouslyincreased facilities of locomotion and international communication due torailways and steam navigation have wrought the greatest changes. Theseinventions depending primarily upon that of the steam engine, thisfirst claims our notice, although properly assignable to a period precedingour era by a few years. Again, much of our material advancementis connected with improvements in the manufacture of iron andits applications in the form of steel, which have been especially the workof the last half of the c

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DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY

PREFACE.

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