i

The Cambridge Manuals of Science and
Literature

EARTHWORMS AND THEIR ALLIES

ii

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, Manager

Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET
London: WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28, ESSEX STREET, STRAND
Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.
Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.

All rights reserved

iii

EARTHWORMS ANDTHEIR ALLIES

BY

FRANK E. BEDDARD
M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S., F.R.S.E.

Cambridge:
at the University Press
New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons
1912

iv

Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

With the exception of the coat of arms atthe foot, the design on the title page is areproduction of one used by the earliest knownCambridge printer, John Siberch, 1521

v

PREFACE

The importance of earthworms in questions relatingto geographical distribution is so universallyadmitted that it seemed to me convenient to embodyin a short volume the principal facts.

It became necessary in order to accomplish thistask in an adequate fashion to preface the distributionalfacts with some anatomical and zoologicaldata. I have reduced this section of the book to aminimum and I trust that the illustrations will enablethe reader, who is not specially acquainted with thestructure of these animals, to obtain an idea of theirgeneral features and variability in external characterand internal anatomy. While the use of technicalterms is inevitable in presenting such details, itwill be found, I think, that a reference to thefigures will render them intelligible.

viSince this volume mainly deals with the phenomenaof distribution, I have included in my surveynearly all of the usually admitted genera of worms,particularly of the terrestrial forms, which are in thelight of our present knowledge the more importantin considering this subject.

F. E. B.

Zoological Society of London.
December, 1911.

vii

CONTENTS