An Essay Towards
a New Theory of Vision


by

George Berkeley (1685-1753)




CONTENTS


Sect.

    1   Design    2   Distance of itself invisible    3   Remote distance perceived rather by experience than by sense    4   Near distance thought to be perceived by the ANGLE of the OPTIC AXES    5   Difference between this and the former manner of perceiving distance    6   Also by diverging rays    7   This depends not on experience    8   These the common accounts, but not satisfactory    9   Some IDEAS perceived by the mediation of others   10   No IDEA which is not itself perceived, can be the means of perceiving another   11   Distance perceived by means of some other IDEA   12   Those lines and angles mentioned in optics, are not themselves perceived   13   Hence the mind does not perceive distance by lines and angles   14   Also because they have no real existence   15   And because they are insufficient to explain the phenomena   16   The IDEAS that suggest distance are, 1st, the sensation arising from the turn of the eyes   17   Betwixt which and distance there is no necessary connection   18   Scarce room for mistake in this matter   19   No regard had to the angle of the OPTIC AXES   20   Judgment of distance made with both eyes, the result of EXPERIENCE   21   2ndly, Confusedness of appearance   22   This the occasion of those judgments attributed to diverging rays   23   Objection answered   24   What deceives the writers of optics in this matter   25   The cause why one IDEA may suggest another   26   This applied to confusion and distance   27   Thirrdly, the straining of the eye   28   The occasions which suggest distance have in their own nature no relation to it   29   A difficult case proposed by Dr. Barrow as repugnant to all the known theories   30   This case contradicts a received principle in catoptrics   31   It is shown to agree with the principles we have laid down   32   This phenomenon illustrated   33   It confirms the truth of the principle whereby it is explained   34   Vision when distinct,                         
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