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PREFACE

The new scientificmethod of teaching history requires that the student should learnto examine some at least of the evidence for himself, and toform a judgment upon it: he is no longer expected to accept theteacher’s statements without discussion. Material for examinationis, however, usually in the inaccessible form of ancient records, Latinchronicles, and so forth. It is the part of source-books to provideextracts from such records which may serve as laboratory specimensfor analysis. They have the further aim of painting scenes vivid withlocal colour and live with the expressions of the actors themselves, somaking the dry bones of the text-book put on flesh and reality.

This volume contains illustrations of various stages in theeconomic and social life of the British people from Saxon days tothe Industrial Revolution. Fragments of the Saxon laws show thegive and take of community life working out into rules of fair playand justice. The influence of the Church in trade, in education, inexploration and over-seas intercourse, appears in the life of Ingulfof Croyland. Town life is seen to develop through gild regulations andthe records of London. The consequent growth of the burghers’power in Parliament, in naval organization and in finance over againstthe power of great noble houses, and the disorder of the fifteenthcentury, emerge from the Paston Correspondence. Parliamentary Rolls,and the accounts of London’s growth. From manorial regulations,notes of wages at different periods, and contemporaries’accounts of enclosures, the great changes in rural life are shown;while the explorations of Carpini and Marco Polo in the East and theSpaniards’ account of Drake’s piracy in the West indicatethe change from the mediæval to the modern world. The growthof[vi]commerce as the controlling factor in politics is indicated by theletters of Sir

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