| First Edition, June 1898. | (Grant Richards.) |
| Second Edition, November 1901. | (Grant Richards.) |
| Third Edition, January 1906. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, January 1908. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, May 1909. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, July 1910. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, September 1911. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, November 1912. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, April 1913. | (A. Moring Ltd.) |
| Reprinted, May 1920. | (Simpkin.) |
AUTHOR OF
"THE METAPHYSICS OF NATURE"
"NATURAL AND SOCIAL MORALS"
ETC.
FOURTH EDITION
ENLARGED, AND PARTLY REWRITTEN
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS' HALL COURT.
LONDON, E.C.4
In this edition of my Logic, the text has been revised throughout,several passages have been rewritten, and some sections added. The chiefalterations and additions occur in cc. i., v., ix., xiii., xvi., xvii.,xx.
The work may be considered, on the whole, as attached to the school ofMill; to whose System of Logic, and to Bain's Logic, it is deeplyindebted. Amongst the works of living writers, the Empirical Logic ofDr. Venn and the Formal Logic of Dr. Keynes have given me mostassistance. To some others acknowledgments have been made as occasionarose.
For the further study of contemporary opinion, accessible in English,one may turn to such works as Mr. Bradley's Principles of Logic, Dr.Bosanquet's Logic; or the Morphology of Knowledge, Prof. Hobhouse'sTheory of Knowledge, Jevon's Principles of Science, and Sigwart'sLogic. Ueberweg's Logic, and History of Logical Doctrine isinvaluable for the history of our subject. The attitude toward Logic ofthe Pragmatists or Humanists may best be studied in Dr. Schiller'sFormal Logic, and in Mr. Alfred Sidgwick's Process of Argument andrecent Elementary Logic. The second part of this last work, on the"Risks of Reasoning," gives an admirably succinct account of theirposition. I agree with the Humanists that, in all argument, theimportant thing to attend to is the meaning, and that the most seriousdifficulties of reasoning occur in dealing with the matter reasonedabout; but I find [Pg vi]that a pure science of relation has a necessary placein the system of knowledge, and that the formulæ known as laws of