Transcribers note:
There are a very large number of words in the textwhich occur joined, hyphenated and separated withsimilar frequencies. No attempt has been made toassure consistency as this would mean revising thewhole book.

PRINCIPLES

OF

GEOLOGY.

VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF SERAPIS AT PUZZUOLI IN 1836

VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF SERAPIS AT PUZZUOLI IN 1836.


PRINCIPLES

OF

GEOLOGY.

OR,

THE MODERN CHANGES OF THE EARTH AND ITSINHABITANTS

CONSIDERED AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF GEOLOGY.

BY

SIR CHARLES LYELL, M.A. F.R.S.

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; AUTHOR OF "A MANUAL OF
ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY," "TRAVELS IN NORTH AMERICA," "A SECOND
VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES," ETC. ETC.

NEW AND ENTIRELY REVISED EDITION.

ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PLATES, AND WOODCUTS.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY.
M.DCCC.LIV.


"Verè scire est per causas scire."—Bacon.

"The stony rocks are not primeval, but the daughters of Time."—Linnæus,Syst. Nat. ed. 5, Stockholm, 1748, p. 219.

"Amid all the revolutions of the globe, the economy of nature has been uniform,and her laws are the only things that have resisted the general movement. Therivers and the rocks, the seas and the continents have been changed in all theirparts; but the laws which direct those changes, and the rules to which they aresubject, have remained invariably the same."—Playfair, Illustrations of the HuttonianTheory, § 374.

"The inhabitants of the globe, like all the other parts of it, are subject to change.It is not only the individual that perishes, but whole species.

"A change in the animal kingdom seems to be a part of the order of Nature, andis visible in instances to which human power cannot have extended."—Playfair,Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory, § 413.


PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION.

The Principles of Geology in the first five editions embracednot only a view of the modern changes of the earth and itsinhabitants, as set forth in the present work, but also someaccount of those monuments of analogous changes of ancientdate, both in the organic and inorganic world, which it is thebusiness of the geologist to interpret. The subject last mentioned,or "geology proper," constituted originally a fourthbook, now omitted, the same having been enlarged into a separatetreatise, first published in 1838, in one volume 12mo., andcalled "The Elements of Geology," afterwards recast in twovolumes 12mo. in 1842, and again re-edited under the title of"Manual of Elementary Geology," in one volume 8vo.in 1851.The "Principles" and "Manual" thus divided, occupy, with oneexception, to which I shall presently allude, very differentground. The "Principles" treat of such portions of the economyof existing nature, animate and inanimate, as are illustrativeof Geology, so as to comprise an investigation of thepermanent effects of causes now in action, which may serve asrecords to after ages of the present condition of the globe andits inhabitants. Such effects are the enduring monuments ofthe ever-varying state of the physical geography of the globe,the lasting signs of its destruction and renovation, and thememorials of the equally fluctu

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