The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
By
PAUL M. A. LINEBARGER
School of Advanced International Studies
DUELL, SLOAN AND PEARCE
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT 1948, 1954, BY PAUL M. A. LINEBARGER
All rights reserved. No part of this book in excess of five hundred words maybe reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 48-1799
SECOND EDITION
SECOND PRINTING
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FOR
GENEVIEVE, MY WIFE,
WITH LOVE
The present edition of this work has been modified to meet the needsof the readers of the mid-1950s. The material in the first edition followingpage 244 has been removed; it consisted of a chapter hopefully called"Psychological Warfare and Disarmament." A new Part Four, comprisingthree fresh chapters, has been added, representing some of theproblems confronting students and operators in this field. Pages 1-243are a reprint from the first edition.
This edition, like the first, is the product of field experience. Theauthor has made nine trips abroad, five of them to the Far East, since1949. He has profited by his meeting with such personalities as Sir HenryGurney, the British High Commissioner for the Federation of Malaya,who was later murdered by the Communists, meetings with Philippine,Republic of Korea, Chinese Nationalist, captured Chinese Communistand other personalities, as well as by association with such veterans in thefield as General MacArthur's chief psywar expert, Colonel J. WoodallGreene. To Colonel Joseph I. Greene, who died in 1953, the author isindebted as friend and colleague. He owes much to the old friends,listed in the original acknowledgment, who offered their advice andcomment in many instances.
Many readers of the first edition wrote helpful letters of comment.Some of their suggestions have been incorporated here. The translatorsof the two Argentine editions of this book; the translator of the Japaneseedition, the Hon. Suma Yokachiro; and the translator of the firstand second Chinese editions, Mr. Ch'ên En-ch'êng—all of them havemade direct or indirect improvements in the content or style of the work.
The author also wishes to thank his former student, later his formerORO colleague, now his wife, Dr. Genevieve Linebarger, for her encouragementand her advice.
The author hopes that, as U. S. agencies and other governments movetoward a more settled definition of doctrine in this field, a third edition—afew years from now—may be able to reflect the maturation ofpsywar in international affairs. He does not consider the time appropriatefor a fundamental restatement of doctrine; he hopes that readerswho have suggestions for future definitions of scope, policy, or operationscan communicate these to him for inclusion in later printings ofthis book.
P.M.A.L.
3 August 1954
This book is the product of experience rather than research, of consultationrather than reading. It is based on my five years of work, bothas civilian expert and as Army officer, in American psychological warfarefacilities—at every level from the Joint and Combined Chiefs ofStaff planning phase down to the preparing of spot leaflets for theAmerican forces in China. Consequently, I have tried to avoid makingthis an original book, and have sought to incorporate those conceptsand