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| 1. Lord Minto, Viceroy of India. |
| Frontispiece |
TRANS-HIMALAYA
DISCOVERIES AND ADVENTURES
IN TIBET
BY
SVEN HEDIN
WITH 388 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS, WATER-
COLOUR SKETCHES, AND DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR
AND 10 MAPS
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1909
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1909,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1909.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
TO
HIS EXCELLENCY
THE EARL OF MINTO
VICEROY OF INDIA
WITH GRATITUDE AND ADMIRATION
FROM THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
In the first place I desire to pay homage to the memory ofmy patron, King Oskar of Sweden, by a few words ofgratitude. The late King showed as warm and intelligentan interest in my plan for a new expedition as he had onformer occasions, and assisted in the fulfilment of myproject with much increased liberality.
I estimated the cost of the journey at 80,000 kronor(about £4400), and this sum was subscribed within a weekby my old friend Emmanuel Nobel, and my patrons,Frederik Löwenadler, Oscar Ekman, Robert Dickson,William Olsson, and Henry Ruffer, banker in London.I cannot adequately express my thanks to these gentlemen.In consequence of the political difficulties I encountered inIndia, which forced me to make wide detours, the expenseswere increased by about 50,000 kronor (£2800), but thissum I was able to draw from my own resources.
As on former occasions, I have this time also to thankDr. Nils Ekholm for his great kindness in working outthe absolute heights. The three lithographic maps havebeen compiled from my original sheets with painstakingcare by Lieutenant C. J. Otto Kjellström, who devoted allhis furlough to this troublesome work. The astronomicalpoints, nearly one hundred, have been calculated by theAssistant