PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY
REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE
    1789–1815
REVOLUTIONARY
      EUROPE
1789–1815
BY
H. MORSE STEPHENS, M.A.
BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, U.S.A.
      AUTHOR OF ‘A HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,’ ETC.
PERIOD VII
London
      RIVINGTON, PERCIVAL, & CO.
      1896
Third Edition
All Rights Reserved
vii
AUTHOR’S PREFACE
In this volume I have endeavoured to write a history of Europe during    an important period of transition. I have reduced military details to    the smallest possible limits, and have preferred to mention rather    than to describe battles and campaigns, in order to have more space    to devote to such questions as the Belgian revolution of 1789, the    reorganisation of Prussia in 1806–12, and the Congress of Vienna.    I have throughout tried to describe the French Revolution in its    influence on Europe, and Napoleon’s career as a great reformer rather    than as a great conqueror. The inner meaning of the period and its    general results I have sketched in a short introductory chapter, on    which the rest of the volume is really a detailed historical commentary.
The maps which accompany the volume are intended to show the changes    in the boundaries of States, and not to give the position of places    mentioned in theviii text. Every one who reads such a volume as the    present must use an atlas as his constant companion, for no book of    this size could possibly contain a sufficient number of maps adequate    to the illustration of the events narrated.
In conclusion, I must express my thanks to Mr. W. R. Morfill, Reader    in Slavonic to the University of Oxford, for giving me a canon for    the spelling of Russian proper names, and to the Editor, Mr. Arthur    Hassall, for willing assistance and friendly encouragement.
H. MORSE STEPHENS.
Cambridge, 1893.
ix
CONTENTS
 
PAGE
The Period from 1789 to 1815 an Era of Transition—The Principles          propounded during the period which have modified the          political conceptions of the Eighteenth Century: i.          The Principle of the Sovereignty of the People; ii.          The Principle of Nationality; iii. The Principle          of Personal Liberty—The Eighteenth Century, the Era of the          Benevolent Despots—The condition of the Labouring Classes in          the Eighteenth Century: Serfdom—The Middle Classes—The Upper          Classes—Why France led the way to modern ideas in the                        
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